S.M.A.R.T. goal setting Essay Example for Free

S.M.A.R.T. goal setting Essay Principles for setting goals have been designed. One of the common and most effective principle is S. M. A. R. T. Goal Setting. S. M. A. R. T. stands for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Timely. ? Specific – It must be clear in the mind of the athlete what exactly he must achieve. Vague or general goals will not help the athlete. According to Locke and Latham (1990), specific goals contribute to higher level of performance than general goals (as cited in Taylor Wilson, 2005). In setting specific goals, sex questions are asked: Who, What, Where, When, Why, How. †¢ Who are involved in achieving this goal? †¢ What do I want to accomplish? †¢ Where will I accomplish this goal? †¢ When do I have to achieve this goal? †¢ Why is it important to achieve this goal? †¢ How can I achieve the goal? (Loo, 2007) ? Measurable – Goals should be quantifiable. In this way, the athlete can gauge his level of success. An athlete who can perceive his progress will be motivated to continue and improve. ? Attainable – Setting impossible goals tend to create anxiety. This affects intrinsic motivation and confidence adversely. Conversely, An athlete should also be challenged to maintain the stimuli needed for him to play the sport. The goal should not be too easy to achieve neither to hard to attain. Determine the level of skill of the athlete then set a challenging yet attainable goal. ? Relevant – Different athletes will have different individual goals. Just because a successful player set a certain goal, it does not mean that all team members should set the same goals. Assess which goals would enhance the output of which athlete. ? Timely – Set deadlines for each objective. Timelines create a certain urgency to work on the goal. Without deadlines, there is a tendency to put off the accomplishment of the goal for another day. Eventually, they would not be met. Team Goals Athletes in team sports need to work with different individuals. Each of them would have their own idea of achievement and success. Each would have an opinion on what the team should do and how to do it. Setting a team goal is essential in unifying individual intentions. A team goal would help keep the players in sync. Giving them one direction strengthens the team. Individual Goals Setting individual goals take a back seat in team sports. What athletes and coaches fail to realize is individual goals can contribute to achieving the team goal. Since the team sets the primary goal, the secondary individual goals should be relevant to it. Have the team discuss as a group what they would want to achieve together. Have them formalize this by writing it down. Then ask each player to come up with their own goals which they believe would help bolster the team goal. (Taylor Wilson, 2005) CONCLUSION Motivation is crucial to an athlete’s productivity. Both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation play a role in maintaining the athlete’s drive to achieve. However, heavy emphasis on extrinsic motivation does not sustain an athlete’s urge to continue participating in a sport. Intrinsic motivation, being more of a state of mind, is harder to cultivate. Yet, tried and tested solutions are available to a coach to foster internal motivation. The coach is tasked with identifying the athlete’s needs and meeting them. Having fun and feeling worthy are identified as the essential needs of every athlete. Fun in sports can be achieved in various ways. It is left to the creativity of the coach to come up with activities that would be enjoyable to the student-athletes. Self-worth and competence depend highly on how others react to the athlete’s skill. Affirmation and positive feedback are essential in building a positive perception of one’s worth and competence. Flow is an ideal state. Athletes have achieved this state and would understandably desire to replicate the experience. There is no guaranteed way or step – by – step plan to achieve flow. However, working on an athlete’s mental skill has proven to increase the occurrence of flow. There are four ways to achieve flow: focusing in the moment, eliminating distractions, visualizing perfect performance and building unconscious confidence. Focusing in the moment requires the athlete to absorb himself entirely in the game or competition. This can only be achieved by eliminating distractions. Negative thoughts should be pushed aside and focus should be placed in the present. On the other hand, visualizing perfect performance through self – talk can automatically put an athlete in to a state of flow with practice and training. Building unconscious confidence is done consciously. There must be awareness and commitment to build the confidence needed to succeed. Goal setting is another tool in cultivating an athlete’s motivation. Certain types of goals must be set for other forms of goals to be achieved. It is important for the coach to know which type of goal should be utilized at which time. Essentially, it is the coach’s responsibility to guide the athlete in developing himself both physically and mentally. In fact, developing one without the other would adversely affect the performance of the athlete. In the end, it boils down to the coach’s creativity, perseverance and his own motivation. Bibliography Burton, D. Raedeke, T. (2008). Sports Psychology for Coaches. Illinois: Human Kinetics. Garnett, M. (2008). Preparing the Succesful Coach. Massachusetts: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Higgins, E. T. . (1986). Activity Engagement Theory: Implications of Multiple Identifiable Input for Intrinsic Motivation. In Sorrentino, R. Higgins, E. T. Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior Volume 2. New York: Guilford Press. Jackson, S. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in Sports. Illinois: Human Kinetics. Jackson, S. Kimiecik, J. (2008). The Flow Perspective of Optimal Experience in Sport and Physical Activity. In Horn, T. (3rd Ed. ) Advances in Sports Psychology. Illinois: Human Kinetics. La Prath, D. (2008). Coaching Girls Soccer. Illinois: Human Kinetics. Loo, T. (2007). SMART Goal Setting 101: The Definitive Guide to Goal Achievement. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www. synergyinstituteonline. com/detail_article. php? artid=374 Martens, R. (2004). Successful Coaching (3rd Ed. ). Illinois: Human Kinetics. Mauzy, J. Harriman, R. (2003). Creativity, Inc. Massachusetts: Harvard Business Press. Schenck, R. (1999). Athletic Training and Sports (3rd Ed. ) Massachusetts: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Schone, D. (2008). Motivating student-athletes: The who, what, why and how. JJ Huddle’s Ohio High. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from http://www. jjhuddle. com/news/articles/2008/12/19/motivating-student-athletes-the-who-what-why-and-how. Taylor, J. Wilson, G. S. (2005). Applying Sports Psychology. Illinois: Human Kinetics. United States Tennis Association. (2004). Coaching Tennis Successfully (2nd Ed. ) Illinois: Human Kinetics. Weinberg, R. S. Gould, D. (2007). Foundations of Sport and Exercise. Illinois: Human Kinetics.

The One Day of the Year Essay -- essays research papers

How are the main characters in a play constructed to represent the text’s underlying values and attitudes? Answer with reference to at least one stage drama that you have seen or studied. The One Day Of The Year explores a family’s relationships at the time of Anzac Day. It is the story of a son questioning the validity of Anzac Day as a true commemoration of our soldiers, while his father refuses to accept the changes in his son’s attitudes, Alf’s wife tries to anchor the family and Wacka, the true Anzac, remembers his experiences in his own way. In contrast, Alf and Dot, his parents, are obviously more traditional. The rest of the house is small, the furniture is dowdy, and their kitchen is primitive. It is then that the viewer is introduced to Alf's attitudes towards life. He is sitting at the table getting progressively more drunk and whingeing about all those more fortunate than himself. His language is slang, and his vocabulary includes words such as â€Å"wotcher†. He also has a strong ‘dinkum-di aussie’ accent. He is obviously uneducated and resents those who are. The family then begin to talk about Hughie and we realise that he has modern clothes and a ‘sports suit’. These are in contrast with Alf and Dot’s old clothes- Dot has just removed a large overcoat. In the next scene, the viewer is introduced to Hughie and Jan. Jan uses upper-class language and condescendingly uses words such as ‘marvellous’. Hugie’s language is not upper-class, but in comparison to Alf’s ...

Narrative of Fredrick Douglass

The greatest thing about reading Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass is that there are many different and interesting themes to learn from. Throughout Douglass’ story he teaches us many lessons and motifs, but one thing that stays constant is his belief in the fact that all men and women should be created equal, with equal rights without any constraints to his or her own individual freedom.The treatment of Douglass himself and the other slaves he worked with was unbearable and under such horrible circumstances that after reading his autobiography; it really makes me wonder what other types of things other slaves had to endure during their experiences. Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass shows its readers that even though times can get extremely hard, there will still always be hope even when you think there is none. One of the most important ways slaves were kept in bondage was not simply the threat of physical brutality; rather, it was through deep and sustained ignorance.Slaves were not allowed to read and write and were therefore generally not aware of the events outside of the plantation, could not communicate with each other well to provoke rebellion or conduct escape plans, and could not reach the sense of self-sufficiency and pride that came from being educated. Literacy brought with it an understanding of the larger world. It opened up before a slave the idea of justice and an understanding of history. Reading the Bible led to a truer comprehension of Christianity. Douglass was able to first engage with abolitionism when he attained literacy.He also became fully aware of the reality of slavery; he wrote â€Å"[Literacy] had given me a view of my wretched condition, without the remedy. It opened my eyes to the horrible pit, but to no ladder upon which to get out. In moments of agony, I envied my fellow-slaves for their stupidity† (Page 56). Ignorance was thus a way for slaveholders to keep their slaves manageable, happy, calm, and content. Once a slave moved beyond such darkness into a world filled with understanding, he was only able to do what Douglass eventually did – attempt to escape from his ties.While reading Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass it is almost like reading about how white men dehumanized their slaves. The first example of this is shown in Chapter 1 when Douglass’ mother passes away. â€Å"Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of [my mother’s] death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger† (Page 43).This quote explains that Douglass, like many other slaves, never had much of any relationship with their birth mothers. Considering that some slaves are taken away from their birth mothers only a few short years after they are born it is easy to understand why Douglass felt this way. It’s extremely sad to read how a chi ld can feel almost no emotion after hearing of such a tragic loss. I imagine if that were to happen to me and how I would feel and can only feel disheartened by the fact that most slaves never got to have relationships with their mothers.Another example of such degrading behavior by the slaveholders is simply how they scarcely feed their slaves. They expect so much work and cooperation from them and think that any amount of food, big or small, will help them to get their work done. Slaveholders instill in the minds of slaves that being unfed, whipped and called awful names is the best kind of life they will ever have. These were horrible characteristics of slavery but were well depicted by Douglass in his autobiography. According to Nathaniel P.Rogers’ Southern Slavery and Northern Religion: February 11, 1844 (Page 139), it is explained that Douglass arrives to give a speech and to tell his story to an audience who is very apprehensive and uncertain about hearing him speak. H owever, they were very curious to see him. After giving his speech, which was well received by the audience, he was asked more and more questions and they wanted to know more about his life and journey through slavery in general. â€Å"There was great oratory in his speech-but more dignity and earnestness than what we call eloquence.He was not up there as a speaker-performing. He was an insurgent slave taking hold on the right of speech, and charging on his tyrants and bondage of his race† (Page 141). Reading this review makes me really happy to know that while he had an awful time as a slave, escaping and gaining freedom was the best thing that ever happened to him. It is satisfying to read that others can feel for Douglass, though not come close to imagining what he had gone through, but having some sort of sympathy and realization that he and many other slaves are great human beings with inspiring stories to share about he freedom they all deserve. He teaches us that while we all go through horrible things; there is always a silver lining and something to be learned. Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass has really taught me a lot about myself and about a whole other kind of people that I really had no knowledge of. I truly believe that Douglass makes his audiences believe in what stands for; all men and women should be created equal, with equal rights without any constraints to his or her own individual freedom. This autobiography has a lot to teach a person and I would recommend it to anyone.It is thoroughly enjoyable and is the kind of book that makes you look past just the text. It makes you think about your own life, putting it in perspective and realizing what is really important. It is an interesting story that not many have heard themselves and really know little about its topic. I suggest to anyone who wants to read this narrative that they keep an open mind no matter what their previous views, religious or not, are so that they can ful ly understand and accept this person’s journey through slavery.

How Adequately Intellectual Property Rights Protect the Position of the Creator - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2882 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? This essay will consider the topic of how adequately intellectual property rights protect the position of the creator, with whom those rights may reside. The essay will deal with four specific areas of this topic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (i) intellectual property patents; (ii) copyright; (iii) trade marks and (iv) industrial design law. The essay will deal with the nature of intellectual property rights, their scope and efficacy. Intellectual property rights, and their various forms These rights accrue where something is created, such as where a scientist invents a machine that performs a certain function. Intellectual rights are legal rights, and they give the creator a right to ensure that a creation is not reproduced, without the authorisation of the creator. The intellectual property right therefore protects the creation, since the creation can, and usually is a saleable commodity. By extension the rights of the creator are also protected, because the creator may enforce these legal rights against any third party who attempts to reproduce their creation without authorisation. Thus a creation attracts a range of legal protections that a creator can enforce, thereby protecting the profitability of the creation. Intellectual property rights can be transferred, as the right of protection is tied to the creation, more than it is to the creator, and this frequently occurs, for example in relation to the intellectual property rights in drugs that are owned originally by a given scientist, but transferred to the company that may employ the scientist, and fund their research. Intellectual property rights are protected depending on the nature of the item that is to be protected, and these protections can take specific forms such copyrights, or patents depending on the actual nature, properties and characteristics of what is to be protected. A patent offers protection regarding the intellectual property rights in a new invention. Patent protection is more directed at the process through which a creation is created . It focuses on the process itself, thereby protecting how a creation is created. There are certain criteria that apply to distinguish a patent as opposed to another form of intellectual property protection. These are: the invention must be new, and contain an innovative step that is original. There must be scope for the creation to be used within industry. In order to be patentable, the creation must not be a scienti fic, or mathematical discovery, theory or method, a literary work or some form of performance, a way of presenting information or of doing business or performing, a variety of animal or plant, a diagnostic technique or medical treatment. Furthermore a patent must not offend public policy or morality. A patent, therefore is where intellectual property rights accrue within a certain set of parameters, such as where a timescale applies. An example of this is the intellectual property rights that accrue to drugs manufacturers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" these are protected by patents, and international law provides that these last for a given length of time, which in turn enables third parties to reproduce the drug after the patent has expired. A patent must almost always be applied for, with the authorisation of the creator. Copyright protects particular types of works. Usually this is works that have an author, such as a book, article of some type of performance, such as a musical or other artistic performance. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 gives automatic protection to the work of such a creator. In the UK the main source of legislation that protects the position of the creator is the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Adequately Intellectual Property Rights Protect the Position of the Creator" essay for you Create order The rights of creators under the various types of intellectual property rights In regards to copyright, there is no need to apply for a patent , although it must be borne in mind that particular exemptions apply. The operation of these exemptions offer some level of accessibility to third parties, who can reproduce the work for a particular, defined purpose without infringing the legal copyright of the creator. An example is where a book, protected by copyright is borrowed from the library by a student, and the student photocopies the contents of it for study purposes. The student is authorised under statute to do this, as long as the photocopy is used for this particular purpose. Likewise a tutor may use a book in the same manner. This exception is known as the fair-dealing exception. The protections available to copyright holders are premised on defaulted assumptions that operate automatically. This gives the creator a specific and in many senses, quite a clearcut level of protection where their copyright may have been infringed. The exemptions, while they appear to quite wide-ranging are nevertheless limited to very specific types of non-commercial situations, and due to this, it would be difficult for the exemptions to be abused in order for the intellectual property rights of the copyright holder to be infringed. The copyright, as far as this protects the position of the creator is therefore quite an effective construction. It may be seen as cost-effective as a copyright holder does not have to incur any expense prior to any potential infringement of their copyright. The rights of the copyright holder may therefore be seen as quite effectively protected under the law of England and Wales. The situation of the intellectual patent holder is different, for a number of reasons, and the case for how well the creator is protected under the system is not quite as clearcut. By contrast with the situation in respect of copyright holders, the intellectual property patent is a source of protection that must be applied for, and granted. Patent rules thereby impose an obligation on the creator to acquire protection, and to prove that the creation in question is worthy of such protection. In this sense the copyright protection accrues on a defaulted basis, whereas the patent is a different mechanism that must be activated, before it creates an enforceable right of intellectual property right protection. However, the automatic nature of the protection that is created by a copyright has the drawback that rights are qualified by statutory rules, and this is something that the intellectual property patent is not as susceptible to. The situation of the patent-holder creator is therefore affected by complex factors including the nature, and means through which intellectual property rights may be invoked and the manner is which they are created in the first place. The most starkly relevant point is the level of obligation placed upon the would-be patent holder who is the creator of an invention . This burden imposes a high level of expense on the part of the creator, and due to the availability of the mechanism, the recourse that may be affected by creators that fail to use it are quite limited. Furthermore, the creation of a patent does not offer a full level of protection to the patent holder, since any allegations that the patent has been infringed are subject to the burden of proof in legal proceedings and proving an infringement is yet another potential complex and expensive engagement with legal processes. On the other hand however, the obligation placed upon the patent holder requires the creator (or the third party to whom a creator may have passed their intellectual property rights to) to define their creation, and explain its purpose clearly, within documents that are recorded and held by third parties. This process may arguably safeguard the position of the patent holder since the prior description may be helpful in terms of proving any future potential infringements. The complex nature of the patent can also confer rights on the creator of a patent, where that creator has assigned the rights of the creation patented, to a third party such as an employer. This is a situation that is commonly experienced, where a pharmaceutical company, for example hires researchers to research the creation of new drugs. This was the situation in the case of James Duncan Kelly and Kwok Wai Chiu v GE Healthcare Ltd [2009] EWHC 181, (PAT) . The background to the case was that the claimants were employed by GE Healthcare (the respondents) and during the course of their research, commissioned by their employer they developed an extremely profitable creation, which their employer benefitted from immensely. The case appears to contradict the statutory provisions that govern patents commissioned by employers through research in these circumstances (section 39 of the Patents Act 1977), since these provisions automatically vest the rights arising from creations made in the course of employment into the possession of the employer. The judicial analysis in James Duncan Kelly and Kwok Wai Chiu v GE Healthcare Ltd [2009] EWHC 181, (PAT) identified the rights of the employees as limited, and the profit they made from the venture was actually referred to as compensation in the judgement, but the judgement nevertheless does appear to considerably strengthen the position of the creator, where the creator is employed and assigns the rights associated with their creation to a third party (in this case, the employer) . It may be argued therefore, that while there are considerable obligations placed upon a creator, in terms of obtaining patent protection, the developed body of patent law, regulation and rules appears to have quite an equitable approach to the enforcement of a patent, and this may not necessarily be visible within the other areas of intellectual property regulation. Trademarks, too are a separate category of intellectual property rights that have specific characteristics. A trademark is a mark that indicates or signifies information. It is usually used to indicate that particular items have a unique source, and trademarks are commonly used by businesses or individuals, so that their products or services may be distinguished readily among potential users of the trade-marked goods or services. Problems can arise with the use of these trade marks, for example a well known brand of boots à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" UGG boots for example are known for their unique style, durability and quality. Another manufacturer can reproduce the boot, but use a trademark that is slightly different although not easily distinguishable from the original UGG logo. Due to the, customers identifying with the UGG brand can confuse the two, and purchase the other UGG brand. This can be potentially damaging to the original UGG provider for two main reasons. Firstly, it can divert business from the original UGG provi ders due to the confusion about the brand, and secondly where another provider sells poor quality boots, this can damage the reputation of the original UGG provider, where there is confusion about the trademark, due to similarity with other trademarks. These difficulties have resulted in trademarks being given intellectual property status, and legal protection. Again however, the protections offered in connection with trademarks are different from the other forms of intellectual property rights protections that have previously been discussed in the essay. Trademarks are protected where they are used in a market, or where they are registered. In this sense there is a dual form of legal protection available in contrast with the law of copyright, which is automatic and the patent, which requires registration. In this sense the trademark may be seen as having benefits associated with copyrighted material, as well as patented material. This being said however, the rights that ma y be enforced by the owner of a trademark that is not registered, are far more limited than the rights that may be enforced where the trademark is registered. Furthermore, there are additional costs burdens on complainants wishing to enforce intellectual property rights in connection with an unregistered trademark. Perhaps the main advantage of the particular operation of the trademark intellectual property right is the retrospective nature of the operation of the intellectual property right, which sets the trademark apart from the patent in many respects. The owner of a trademark must also grapple with the changing socio-political and socio-economic developments such as the increased use of global markets to conduct trade. The internet, likewise and the range of associated technological developments that have emerged over recent years, have also changed the nature of protections available to the owners of trademarks. In response to this the Madrid and CTM systems of t rademark registration have emerged. The Madrid system is an international system for the registration of trademarks, which enables a trademark to be registered across multiple jurisdictions. Likewise, the Community Trade Mark system is a trademark system that operates on the basis of EU policy, law and agreements. It enables trademarks to be registered across multiple jurisdictions. However, both of these systems have a single drawback à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they are not fully international, and thus the owner of a registered trademark may be susceptible to infringements of their trademark intellectual property rights, where the agreements are not effective, for whatever reason. The Madrid system has proven to be the most successful, as problems have been identified with the dual approach to the protection of trademarks, under the Community Trade Mark system, given the fact that most EU jurisdictions have national schemes for the protection of trademarks, that operate in conjun ction with the EU-wide one. The Madrid system however, has a more central focus and it enables the owner of a trademark to file a single application for trademark protection, and use it to obtain protection in the other jurisdictions that are subscribed to the intellectual property rights protection system. That person attempting registration does not have to apply in the other jurisdiction also, and this means that the Madrid system is widely regarded as being more cost-effective. The situation of the creator in terms of industrial design law is essentially one that is highly specific and individual, setting it apart from the other areas of intellectual property concerns. The creator of an industrial design can acquire intellectual property rights to that design whether the design is registered or not. This sets it apart from the position of the patent. However, the structure of the design right may be seen as flawed however, given the length of time that an intellectual p roperty right can last (usually 15 years, and 25 in some cases). The time limits that apply to patents may be seen as more justifiable, give that on many occasions the removal of the patent paves the way for cheaper drugs manufacture in developing countries. This essay has considered four separate areas of intellectual property law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"copyright, trademarks, patents and industrial design law. The characteristics of each has been evaluated and considered. Essentially each intellectual property protection provision is different with its own approach to the protection of specific types of intellectual property rights. It has been argued that the operation of the protection and how it may be created is critical to the value of the protection offered to the creator. It has been argued that the position of the creator is arguably protected better in a situation where some form of retrospective remedy, or prior protection is given to the creator. Nevertheless, the regulation of patents, notwithstanding that it does not have this constitution, may be seen as progressive given the equitable approach to the assignment of rights from creators that are employees, to their employers that was demonstrated in the case of James Duncan Kelly and Kwok Wai Chiu v GE Healthcare Ltd [2009] EWHC 181, (PAT) . The essay has also addressed how the changing socio-political and socio-economic climate has affected the situation of the creator in terms of intellectual property protection. It has been argued that these changes have impacted the world of intellectual property protection by making it more complex, and more onerous on particular firms and businesses in terms of operating their businesses. It must be acknowledged however, that the framework for the operation of intellectual property protection is regulatory, and due to this it is quite impossible to have a perfect system. There will always be complexities and difficulties that arise from the very process of regulation. In the case of intellectual property protection it may be argued that the different legislation provisions that specifically target each area of intellectual property protection are unique and tailored to the particularities of their remits. Given this complex fabric, it is difficult to compare and contrast the systems, and identify one that is more flawed, or more advantageous to the situation of the creator. The writer has therefore attempted to highlight how each system may advantage and disadvantage the situation of the creator. Bibliography Books Banbridge, D. (2006) Intellectual Property (6th Edition) Longman, UK. Bently, L. and Sherman, B. (2004) Intellectual Property Law (2nd Edition) Oxford University Press, Oxford. Lawson, F. and Rudden, B. (2002) The Law of Property (3rd Edition) Oxford University Press, UK. Panesar, S. (2001) General Principles of Property Law (1st Edition) Pearson, UK. Articles Cohen, J. (2009) Share and share alike. The New Law Journal. 159 NLJ 465. Forte, P. (2008) In practice: legal update: copyright, music and exemption. The Law Society Gazette, 27th of November, 2008. Leong, S. (2007) Copyright infringement in a borderless world International Journal of Law and Information Technology 15 (38) Zeko, G. (2007) State Cyberspace jurisdiction and personal cyberspace jurisdiction International Journal of Law and Information Technology 15 (1) Other Sources Halsburys Laws of England and Wales (2006) Copyright, Design Patent and Related Rights Nature of Copyright (Volume 9 (2) Paragraph 3) Halsburys Laws of England and Wales (2009) Trademarks (Volume 11 Paragraph 1-1108) Halsburys Laws of England and Wales (2009) Patents (Volume 11 Paragraph 1-1108) Halsburys Laws of England and Wales (2009) Copyright (Volume 11 Paragraph 1-1108) Halsburys Laws of England and Wales (2009) The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (Volume 9 (2) Paragraph 54)

A Cup of Tea by Katherine Mansfield Creates a Contrast...

1 2 A CUP OF TEA BY KATHERINE MANSFIELD 3 4 5 Comment [LS1]: The title is linked to the central incident in the story and also acts as a linking device between Rosemary and Miss Smith. As Rosemary emerges from the antique shop in the cold, winter weather, she feels she ‘ought to go home and have an extraspecial cup of tea’. Immediately after that Miss Smith appears, begging desperately for something Rosemary has plenty of but which Miss Smith needs to sustain her existence. Miss Smith’s need for a cup of tea offers Rosemary a chance for the ‘extra-special’ tea she longed for and provides her with the means of creating an adventure for herself. Comment [LS2]: The title also creates a contrast between the bland†¦show more content†¦She stared at a plump tea-kettle like a plump hen above the shopmans head, and her voice was dreamy as she answered: Well, keep it for me - will you? Ill... Comment [LS7]: The apparel tells us that the story is set in the 1920s. Page 3 of 10 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 But the shopman had already bowed as though keeping it for her was all any human being could ask. He would be willing, of course, to keep it for her for ever. The discreet door shut with a click. She was outside on the step, gazing at the winter afternoon. Rain was falling, and with the rain it seemed the dark came too, spinning down like ashes. There was a cold bitter taste in the air, and the new-lighted lamps looked sad. Sad were the lights in the houses opposite. Dimly they burned as if regretting something. And people hurried by, hidden under their hateful umbrellas. Rosemary felt a strange pang. She pressed her muff against her breast; she wished she had the little box, too, to cling to. Of course the car was there. Shed only to cross the pavement. But still she waited. There are moments, horrible moments in life, when one emerges from shelter and looks out, and its awful. One oughtnt to give way to them. One ought to go home and have an extra-special tea. But at the very insta nt of thinking that, a young girl, thin, dark, shadowy - where had she come from? - was standing at Rosemarys elbow and a voice like a

Hindu Mythology - 2128 Words

UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL, HOWARD COLLEGE School of Classical Civilizations Student Number: 208504832 Student Name: Nahishta Singh Course name: Classical Civilizations 201 Mythology Assignment: 1 Question: Describe the creation myth of any traditional ethnicity or culture of your choice, ancient or modern. How, according to this culture, did the world begin how did humans originate? Sign: _________________________ Cosmic myths are concerned with the world and how it is ordered. They seek to explain the origin of the world, universal catastrophes and natural disasters such as fire or†¦show more content†¦(P.F Lurquin L. Stone, 2007: 25) In this story, before time began, there was no heaven, no earth and no space between. The Greeks, too, believe that the world was created out of chaos and a state of nothingness as stated in Hesiod’s theogony: â€Å"When on high heaven was not named, Nor was the hard ground below called by name â€Å"(B.B. Powell, 2002: 87) Each new creation originates from a vast ocean that washes upon the shores of nothingness. (P.F Lurquin L. Stone, 2007: 26) In Hindu myth, Lord Vishnu, peacefully asleep in the coils of a giant cobra, is awakened by the humming sound of Om in the middle of this ocean. Om is the most sacred syllable in the ancient Sanskrit language of India and is considered in Hinduism to represent all scriptural revelation in a single symbol. (G. Beck, 2007). The humming sound of Om grew and spread, filling the emptiness and throbbing with energy. From his divine playfulness, a lotus flower grows in Vishnu’s navel. (A. Michaels, 2004: 298) Brahma, another Hindu god, is known in this particular myth as Vishnu’s servant as he follows Vishnu’s commands. Brahma is also a god who is more commonly known as the creator. He appears out of the lotus flower that is formed in Vishnu’s navel, and asks Vishnu who he is. Vishnu very arrogantly replies, â€Å"Know that I am origin and disintegration. See in me the whole world, the continents and their mountains, the oceans and the seven seas, and you too, the grandfather of the worlds.† (A. Michaels,Show MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Hindu Mythology Of India Essay2356 Words   |  10 Pagesa person believe become into one s destiny. Stories written in the Hindu mythology books or hindu beliefs have a great impact on people s brain. People relates those stories written in the books and beliefs with their present day. Hindu people have many religious books for example Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita, and Ramayana. Audience will be the people who believe in H indu goods, people who are studying psychology and Mythology. Many people get confused what does myths actually means. 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Cross-Cultural Management International Management

Question: Discuss about the Cross-Cultural Management for International Management. Answer: Introduction Cross Cultural Management is recognized as a discipline of international management. It involves management of work after making consideration of differences existing in the cultures, preferences, and practices of the people belonging from different background. Apart from the differences in culture, businesses also adopt and learn to modify their approaches in order to compete in the international market. Through adoption of cross culture management, many businesses will no longer become bounded by the physical geography and will be able to establish online interactions with the other group members. Inter-cultural interactions taking place between businesses increases the importance of their people and leading to access towards wider areas of market that are fully developed using new technology(Sahu et al., 2014). Wireless technology plays key role in creation of such environment as it shrinks the world and helps to formulate faster interactions across the seas. This also makes the t ravelling faster and easier as many people know how to interact with the people of different cultural. Apart from businesses, cross-culture management is the need of different other professions also. It has become the curricula or the part of their training schedule. For instance, individuals or group of members who have planned to work in the different cultural environment requires that they have effective communication skills. This will make them feel respectful towards the people with whom they were going to indulge and will help them to remove the misunderstandings, if exists. The understanding of facts is necessary because communication holds value in every profession (Sderberg Holden, 2002). Discussion As per the notifications of Tichy (1983), the fields where human resources are managed were emerging in the market as a process of gradual and uneven transformations. International organizations were now experiencing the different phases of transitions at the ending, beginning and in-between sections (Laurent, 1986). After crossing the national boundaries, businesses were pressurized to develop skills and management abilities. The businessmen were keenly aware of the cultural factors that have heavy influence on the management styles. Many authors have argued in their researches that this method has become out of phase as it is seen in most of the organizations that cultural differences has become the cause of conflicts and miscommunications. The reason is being existence of transnational companies that faces challenges for managing the multicultural project teams and global knowledge networks. They do so to interact and collaborate with the people across boundaries using global communication technologies. The major focus of cross cultural communication is on behavior of people belonging from different culture and working together in similar organization. The cross culture management mainly emphasizes on issues related with the traditional organizational behavior such as leadership, motivation, group dynamics, and decision making. It is the study of micro level rather than the study of macro level (Adler, 2016). Definition of Cross-Cultural Management Nancy Adler (2008) has given a definition of cross cultural management: Cross-Culture Management describes about organizational behavior existing between individuals belonging from different countries having their own culture. All the employees of the institution were associated with each other and formulate their own organization. They were seeking to improve the interaction taking place between co-workers, executives, manager, suppliers, alliance partners and clients present around the world.(Kawar, 2012) In other words: Cross-Culture Management is the achievement of cultural synergy, productive diversity and intercultural effectiveness through processes using successful cultural adaptation, cross-cultural social engagement and performance management. Managers use their specific leadership qualities for managing skills of cross-cultural teams that involve resolution of culturally related value dilemmas.(Kawar, 2012) The growing demands of the world have improved the importance of managers having sophisticated global management skills and capability to work with other people of the country. International working organizations and their role in economic development is quite common these days. Companies are now adopting outward nature for getting in touch with various national cultures (Chevrier, 2003). Importance of Cross-Culture Management Problem-Solving is one of the important tasks that must be handled by the management. At the same time, it must also be considered that which of the partnering company is bringing capital and know-how. The partnering companies that supply the best to the company and will be able to secure the future of the company usually have an influence on the newly established culture of the organization (Negandhi, 1983). When organization becomes capable of overcoming the possible misunderstanding and creates a favorable environment for all the participating partners, then it is possible that company would be able to engage more partnering companies. The consequences in which cultural differences of the organization is ignored leads to obtainment of devastating results such as acquisitions and fusions. Rodgers, Gancel and Raynaud (2002) have defined some of the causes that might create problem for the management. They are as follows: Insufficient Understanding: Managers were well-aware about the norms and standards followed in culture of organization but do not understand about the issues and as a result they underestimate the impacts of culture. Instead, they also do not take risk of handling the issues by the fear that it may cause harm to their organization (Xing, 1995). Insufficient Willingness: Managers after being aware about the cultural practices do not want to indulge in such process. Usually, such decisions are taken by the managers because of following reasons: They were more interested in managing technical problems or economic issues rather than investing enough time over the management of cultural differences. Management of cultural aspects does not hold importance for the managers, hence they give much priority to understand the cultural aspects, but they do not resolve such issues on urgent basis and prefers to work without any pressure for reaching the final results. They experience some kind of fear that is totally unknown to them (Singh, 2001). For example: While dealing with financial problems, they do not feel safer or comfortable or they might be frightening from people, their behavior, emotions, their power of making decisions causes discomfort in their mind. Manager believes that cooperation is more necessary than maintenance of culture in the organization. According to authors also, this is very nave and contra-productive approach of managers, especially when managers were deeply affected by the emotional substances of national culture. Care of cultural integration becomes no more attractive for the manager (Hilb Kaufmann, 2003). They consider that cultural integration will not serve them with money and will not prove their success. Insufficient Awareness of existing difference: Managers might be unaware of the differences existing in the cultural dimension of management. Insufficient level of abilities and skills: Managers have the zeal to do something about it and they also put their efforts for doing it but they fails due to lack of sufficient competence and capabilities. It might be due to lack of intercultural sensitivities, lack of knowledge, and lack of appropriate skills (REDDY, 2010). Theories of Cross-Cultural Management Cross- Culture Management is the source of innovative thinking and source of experience that enhances the competitive position of the organization. The cultural differences and their management play a major role in the successful completion of projects handled by the multicultural global community. It is required that to achieve the goals of the project, the manager should be culturally sensitive and try to work for promoting creativity and motivation using flexible leadership qualities. The theory of cross-culture management reflects on relations existing between people and the organization (Anbari et al., 2003). It is like motivational orientation that helps in maintaining the risk, attitudes of time, attitudes of environment, definition of self, definition of others and many other activities that are directly and indirectly related to the management of cultural dimensions. Geert Hofstede Theory of Cultural Dimensions: Dimensions of culture are the important aspect that is to be maintained by every international business in their organization. The cultural dimension within the organization helps the manager in navigating the international business market (Laura M. Milner, 1993). In 1980, Greet Hofstede has given their theory named as Hofstedes Cultural Dimension Theory in which he has defined about the framework of cultural dimensions. He has described that there is great effect of the societys culture on the value of its members and how these values are related with the behavior of the individual. Later on Hofstede has developed a model that is designed using factor analysis. According to Geert Hofstede, culture is a mind collective program that helps in differentiating the members of one group and the people of one category from another. Here, the term category is referred to religions, nations, regions within nations or across nations, ethnicities, occupations, genders and organizations. In order to provide more clear evidences of his argument, Hofstede has surveyed the people who were working in IBM in more than 50 countries (Mind tools, 2016). On the basis of this study, Hofstede has identified four dimensions. These dimensions are differentiating one culture from another. These dimensions are as follows: Power Distance: This dimension expresses about degree in which less powerful members of the society accepts and expects that power distribution is unequal in the society. The problem behind the inequality of powers underlines the basic functioning of society. In the research of Hofstede, power distances are measured through Power Distance Index (PDI) (Deverism, 2015). Masculinity vs. Femininity: Masculinity in the society is represented as preferences for the achievements, assertiveness, heroism and the material rewards for the success. Its opposite, Femininity stands for the preferences of the society such as modesty, caring for the weak, quality of life, and cooperation. It is all about distribution of emotional roles between the genders. The bifurcation within the management opposes tough masculine and tender feminine in the society. Survey has emphasized over the importance of work goals and the attachments of genders such as women are more associated with the social goals like helping others, maintenance of good relations, physical environment whereas, men were more attach towards ego goals such as career and money. The data of the survey collected by Hofstede reveals that the difference in masculine and feminine varies from differences existing across occupations and across countries. It is believed that both the genders in the society were supposed to be tender, modest, and concerned for maintaining quality of life (Hofstede, 2011). Figure 1 Figure showing synthetic cultures and learning Image Source: https://ecuteblog.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/diagram2.jpg Individualism vs. Collectivism: This dimension finds for the answer of question that whether people have their preferences to remain in the close knit networks or they prefer to be left alone by looking after themselves. This is the basic problem that is to be faced by every society to position themselves with the poles. A concise definition demonstrates that Individualism is the situation in which ties between the individuals is very loose and everyone who is holding the tie wants to look after her/his family members while Collectivism is the situation where members of the society are tied in the network from birth and form their own cohesive group that has integrated all the members strongly. This is the protection provided to the people throughout their life-time on the part of their unquestioning loyalty. The differences for individualism are calculated by Hofstede using Individual Index (IDV) (Hofstede, 2016). Long term orientation vs. short term orientation: Long term orientation can be interpreted as dealing with the members of the society with the societys search of virtue. On the other hand, in short term orientation, the societys biggest concern is to establish absolute truth. This orientation is the extent in which culture line up their members for accepting delayed gratification of the social, emotional, and material needs. This approach does not oppose for differences between east and west, instead it divides the world into new lines. In the long term oriented culture of the organization, business people desires to establish an environment that will accustom a culture in which individuals of the organization should work towards building a strong position in the market and they also do not want its immediate results. Manager offers time and resources so that each element would be able to make their contributions. In short term orientation the major concern is about bottom line in wh ich the focus is upon control systems and the judgment of managers was based on such factors only. The entire rationality under this cultural dimension rests on pre-rational choices (Michele J. Gelfand, 2007). Uncertainty Avoidance: This dimension illustrates the degree to which the society members feel uncomfortable about ambiguity and uncertainty. The members either feel comfortable with the unstructured situations or uncomfortable. Unstructured situation is different from usual situation. In this society, the basic factor is that the member wants to control the uncontrollable factors. The measurement of uncertainty is done on Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) by Hofstede (Price, 2016). Comparison between two Cultures Different national culture comprises of different cultural values in their system. The generation of value system has taken place from the conception, or from beliefs, existing means, necessities, or resources. Cultures have their own standards and factors such as traditions, behaviors or communication proves to be irrelevant for other culture (Nguyen, 2016).And thus it threatens the other culture also. These uncertainties create cultural gaps between individuals of the workforce. When variety of culture structure indulges with each other it might be possible that conflicts or disagreement may arise leading to disruption of methods of control. After making consideration of accepted theories related with cultural dimensions, the two cultures were compared. The countries whose cultures were compared with each other are U.S., Great Britain, and Germany (Jing, 2010). Figure 2 Figure showing cultural dimensions of Germany Image Source: https://geert-hofstede.com/germany.html Some of the researchers such as Roberts and Boyacigiller (1984) has administered that the organizations related with both the cultures are culturally biased. They were found that only one discipline among them is better that is multi-disciplinary approach. It is found that the organizations in which employees of Germany were employed has socialized their candidates so powerfully that their values do not provide any evidences about local national culture. And the organizations in which employees of UK were employed were highly efficient, therefore they believe in individualism (Reiche, 2011). They believe in using value distances. Figure 3 Figure showing cultural dimensions of United Kingdom Image Source: https://geert-hofstede.com/united-kingdom.html There were surveyed organization also where only single or two employees belong from other culture and the rest population of the organization belongs solely from one country. It was found that the use of single multinational employer eliminates the effects of management practices and corporate policies (Weber Hsee, 1885). Figure 4Figure showing comparison between the cultural dimensions of United Kingdom and Germany Image Source: https://geert-hofstede.com/germany.html In the U.K. Culture, it is assumed that reading of business cards reveals the rude behavior of the organization towards their employees as it reflects about the personal identity of the employees such as their title, social status etc. But in German culture, an organization failing to read the business cards is the symbol of disrespect towards the individuals (Selnes et al., 1996). Overall, it can be said that the rituals, beliefs, and culture of the countries sets many deeper-seated meanings for their employees. The employees in multinational organization can only show some respect towards the cross-culture after getting full acknowledgement about the cultural framework followed by the organization (Adler, 1983). Conclusion Cultural Differences in the organizations and other workplaces presents an array of challenges for the multinational institutions. These cultures have a great impact on the communication and interaction that takes place between the employees of the organization. Since, there are many countries in the world who needs to operate in different parts of the world, people of such organization become exposed to different cultures by absorbing all its features and get used to it. As a result, many barriers were faced by the managers in daily routine in the organization. Therefore, such organizations were in great need of managers who will be able to manage the employees of multinational organizations using effective leadership, mutual respect, and cross- culture communication. References Adler, N.J., 1983. A Typology of Management Studies Involving Culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 14(02), pp.29-47. Adler, N.J., 2016. Cross-Cultural Management: Issues to Be Faced. 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[Online] Available at: https://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html [Accessed 24 August 2016]. Jing, P., 2010. Cross-Cultural Human Resource Management Case Company: Penta Chutian LaserEquipment Co., Ltd. Business Economics and Tourism. Kawar, T.I., 2012. Cross-cultural Differences in Management. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 03(06), pp.105-11. Laura M. Milner, D.F.a.M.W.S., 1993. Hofstede's Research on Cross-Cultural Work-Related Values: Implications For Consumer Behavior. Association for Consumer Research, pp.70-76. Laurent, A., 1986. The cross-cultural puzzle of international human resource management. International Human Resource Management, 25(01), pp.91102. Michele J. Gelfand, M.E.a.Z.A., 2007. Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, pp.479-514. Mind tools, 2016. Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions. [Online] Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htm [Accessed 24 August 2016]. Negandhi, A.R., 1983. Cross-Cultural Management Research: Trend and Future Directions. Journal of International Business Studies, 14(02), pp.17-28. Nguyen, H., 2016. Compare and contrast cultural frameworks developed by Geert Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars. [Online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/7380042/Compare_and_contrast_cultural_frameworks_developed_by_Geert_Hofstede_and_Fons_Trompenaars [Accessed 24 August 2016]. Price, M.-J.B..R., 2016. Understanding Cross-Cultural Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/8169389/Understanding_Cross-Cultural_Management [Accessed 24 August 2016]. Reddy, G.P., 2010. Cross Cultural Management. Reiche, P.G.a.S., 2011. National Cultural Differences and Multinational Business. Globalization Note Series. Sahu, D.P., Tamizhselvam, Rajan, K. Rao, C.P., 2014. Cross Cultural Business Management. Pondicherry University. Selnes, F., Jaworski, B.J. Kohli, A.K., 1996. Market orientation in United States and Scandinavian companies. A cross-cultural study. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 12(02), pp.139-57. Singh, D., 2001. Managing Cross-cultural Diversity: Issues and Challenges in. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, pp.43-50. Sderberg, A.-M. Holden, N., 2002. Rethinking Cross Cultural Management in a Globalizing Business World. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 02(01), pp.103-21. Weber, E.U. Hsee, C., 1885. Cross-Cultural Differences in Risk Perception, but Cross-Cultural Similarities in Attitudes Towards Perceived Risk. Management Science, 44(09), pp.1205-17. Xing, F., 1995. The Chinese cultural system: Implications for cross-cultural management. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 01(14), p.60.